Light Pollution Our Vanishing Night Essay Example

Light Pollution: Our Vanishing Night Paper Nowadays, we have engineered the night to receive us by filling it with light. Nevertheless, this engineering comes with serious consequence, that is, light pollution, also known as phytoplankton or luminous pollution. This is a form of environmental degradation, which results from the excessive artificial lightings. Its sources include street lamps, neon signs, billboards, offices, and illuminated sporting venues. Instead of directly lightening objects, these artificial beams refract and scatter around everywhere unexpectedly. Hence, they not only obscure the starring night but cause damage to both our environment and human bodies. Therefore, light pollution is not even more a scientific issue to experts but a global problem to everyone. According to the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA), this environmental pollution can be classified into four types: light trespass, over- illumination, glare, and light clutter. The first type is light trespass, which occurs as unnecessary light enters ones property. When an intense beam outside causes sleep deprivation, this condition can be called light trespass. For instance, Hong Kong has a serious light trespass problem due to countless luminous ornaments of skyscrapers. Despite some 30 to 40 citizens annually complaints about light abuse, Hong Kong still ignites the night sky to demonstrate its prosperity. The second type is over-illumination, which stems from the excessive waste of light. Improper lighting designs in the workplace, inadequate lighting maintenance, and 24-hour commercial advertisements all contribute to over-illumination. We will write a custom essay sample on Light Pollution: Our Vanishing Night specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Light Pollution: Our Vanishing Night specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Light Pollution: Our Vanishing Night specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A survey conducted by the U. S. Department of Energy Source suggests that some 30 to 60 percent of energy is wasted by commercial advertising uses, two times than average U. S. Residential consumption. The third type is glare, which can be further divided into three classifications. First, blind glare describes an effect caused by staring into the Sun, leading to completely blinding and temporary or permanent vision deficiencies. Second, disability glare leaves significant reduction in Sight abilities by oncoming vehicle beams, or refracted glow in the fog as well as reflections from the printed. Third, the discomfort glare dose doesnt induce a dangerous situation, though it is irritating at best. The last type is light clutter, excessive groupings of lights. Clutter may generate confusion, distract from obstacles, and potentially induce accidents. For instance, the poor-designed street lights distract drivers and cause injuries. Besides, clutter may present a hazard, specifically in aviation environment. For instance, aircraft collision avoidance signals may be confused with grouping commercial lightings. Intriguingly, few know that light, a powerful biological force, influences not only human but both plants and animals as well. Plants acquire light not only for energy supply but for the induction of flowering. Each species has its specific ecological optimum curve, which describes the relationship between light intensity and growth. Outdoor lightings on plants result in abnormal individuals with delayed loss of leaves or accelerated branch growth. To the plants near street lights, they even have production in second bloom in autumn. Similarly, light pollution induces adverse effects on animals. It may disorient animals and disrupt their biological rhythms, which are related to the alternation of day and nights of the seasons. As National Geographic Magazine mentions, fewer and fewer of nesting sea turtles, which show a natural predisposition in the dark, lay eggs on sandy beaches. Their hatchings, which gravitate toward the more reflective sea horizon, find themselves confused by artificial lighting behind the beach. In England, some swans even put on fat more rapidly than usual for wintering and migrate to Siberian early. Since long artificial days induce early breeding, a wide range of birds shuffle their migration schedules. Under the long- term influence of light pollution, nocturnal mammals including desert rodents, fruit bats, opossums, and badgers forage more cautiously because they have become easier targets for predators. As for other creatures, we also have a genetically light-determined clock to control the day-night rhythm in the secretion of melatonin, which in turn affects the sleeping-waking rhythm, the movement rhythm and our brain activities. Disturbances in the day-night rhythm can have physical and psychological effects, such as jet-leg. Overall, changes in light level are like the alteration of gravity. It destroys the balance in our ecosystem. Since light pollution triggers serious environmental problem, issues on how to reduce it become vital and are discussed radically. The Hong Kong Night Sky Brightness Moon tutoring Network (INS) considers the rule of thumb for reducing light pollution is using lighting reasonably: do not set up unnecessary lighting and turn off lights which are not in use. Simply turning if the light when we leave a room can achieve the target. Other approaches include reducing as many useless outdoor lighting as possible, modifying the existing lightings into dark-sky friendly devices, and choosing astronomical- friendly lighting sources. For government and organizations, turning off the neon signboards at midnight, and reducing decorative lights of commercial buildings are all possible approaches. Take Japan as a demonstration. In 1996, Ministry of the Environment guided Japanese to turn off all lightings during the coming of comet Haystack. Besides, saving energy and reducing eight pollution can both be achieved by turning off useless lightings. The Earth Hour campaign in Sydney, for example, successfully assembles two millions people to turn off their lightings for an hour at night. It not only results in 10. 2% of reduction in energy consumption but promotes the message of preventing global warming at the same time. With efforts spreading around the globe recently, more and more cities and even entire countries have committed themselves to reducing light pollution. To sum up, light abuse not only induces problems for astronomers but impacts our daily lives. Living in our own making glare, we cut ourselves off from the light of the stars, disrupt the biological rhythms of day and night, and harm the ecosystem. Whats worse, we gradually neglect the treasure that heaven offers at night- the astonishing galaxies arching ahead. In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe and to forget the scale of our being. While our planet will likely never return to its natural state of darkness, we still can make efforts to help decrease over-illumination.

Biography of Isabella dEste, Patron of the Renaissance

Biography of Isabella d'Este, Patron of the Renaissance Isabella dEste (May 19, 1474–February 13, 1539) was a patron of Renaissance learning, arts, and literature. She was actively involved in political intrigues among the nobles of Europe. Isabella left behind a voluminous correspondence of more than 2,000 letters, which provide much insight into the world of the Italian Renaissance. Fast Facts: Isabella d'Este Known For: Patron of the Italian RenaissanceBorn: May 19, 1474 in Ferrara, ItalyParents: Ercole I dEste and Eleanor of NaplesDied: February 13, 1539 in Mantua, ItalySpouse: Francesco Gonzaga (m. 1490-1519)Children: 8 Early Life Isabella dEste was born into the noble Ferrara family of Ferra, Italy on May 19, 1474. She may have been named for her relative, Queen Isabella of Spain. She was the eldest in her large family, and, according to contemporary accounts, was her parents favorite. Their second child was also a girl, Beatrice. Brothers Alfonso- the family heir- and Ferrante followed, and then two more brothers, Ippolitto and Sigismondo. Education Isabellas parents educated their daughters and sons equally. Isabella and her sister Beatrice both studied Latin and Greek, Roman history, music, astrology, and dancing. Isabella was accomplished enough in politics to debate with ambassadors when she was only 16. When Isabella was six, she became betrothed to the future fourth Marquis of Mantua, Francesco Gonzaga, whom she met the following year. They were married on February 15, 1490. Gonzaga was a military hero, more interested in sports and horses than in arts and literature, though he was a generous patron of the arts. Isabella continued her studying after her marriage, even sending home for her Latin books. Her sister Beatrice married the Duke of Milan, and the sisters visited each other often. Isabella was described as a beauty, with dark eyes and golden hair. She was famous for her fashion sense- her style was copied by noble women throughout Europe. Her portrait was painted twice by Titian and also by Leonardo da Vinci, Mantegna, Rubens, and others. Patronage Isabella, and to a lesser degree her husband, supported many of the Renaissances painters, writers, poets, and musicians. Artists with whom Isabella was associated include Perugino, Battista Spagnoli, Raphael, Andrea Mantegna, Castiglione, and Bandello. Also part of the court circle were figures such as writers Ariosto and Baldassare Castiglione, architect Giulio Romano, and musicians Bartolomeo Tromboncino and Marchetto Cara.  Isabella also exchanged letters with Leonardo da Vinci over a six-year period after his visit to Mantua in 1499. Isabella collected many pieces of artwork over her lifetime, some for an art-filled private studio, essentially creating an art museum. She specified the content of some of these by commissioning particular works. Motherhood Isabellas first daughter Leonora Violante Maria was born in 1493 or 1494. She was named for Isabellas mother, who had died not long before the birth. Leonora later married Francesco Maria della Rovere, the Duke of Urbino. A second daughter, who lived for less than two months, was born in 1496. Having a male heir was important to Italian families in order to pass titles and lands within the family. Isabella had been given a gold cradle as a gift at her daughters birth. Contemporaries cited her strength in putting aside the cradle until she finally had a son, Federico, in 1500. A Ferrara heir, he later became the first duke of Mantua. A daughter Livia was born in 1501; she died in 1508. Ippolita, another daughter, arrived in 1503; she would live into her late 60s as a nun. Another son was born in 1505, Ercole, who became a cardinal and was nearly selected in 1559 to serve as Pope. Ferrante was born in 1507; he became a soldier and married into the di Capua family. Arrival of Lucrezia Borgia In 1502, Lucrezia Borgia, the sister of Cesare Borgia, arrived in Ferrara to marry Isabellas brother Alfonso, the Ferrara heir. Despite Lucrezias reputation- her first two marriages did not end well for those husbands- it appears that Isabella welcomed her warmly at first, and others followed her lead. But dealing with the Borgia family brought other challenges to Isabellas life. She found herself negotiating with Lucrezias brother Cesare Borgia, who had overthrown the Duke of Urbino, the husband of her sister-in-law and friend Elisabetta Gonzaga. As early as 1503, Isabellas new sister-in-law Lucrezia Borgia and Isabellas husband Francesco had begun an affair; passionate letters between the two survived. As might be expected, Isabellas initial welcome to Lucrezia turned to a coolness between them.​ Husbands Capture In 1509, Isabellas husband Francesco was captured by the forces of King Charles VIII of France and was held in Venice as a prisoner. In his absence, Isabella served as regent, defending the city as commander of the citys forces. She negotiated a peace treaty that provided for her husbands safe return in 1512. After this episode, the relationship between Francesco and Isabella deteriorated. He had already begun to be publicly unfaithful before his capture and returned quite ill. The affair with Lucrezia Borgia ended when he realized he had syphilis. Isabella moved to Rome, where she was quite popular among the cultural elite. Widowhood In 1519, after Francesco died, Isabellas eldest son Federico became the marquis. Isabella served as his regent until he came of age, and after that, her son took advantage of her popularity, keeping her in a prominent role in the governing of the city. In 1527, Isabella bought a cardinalate for her son Ercole, paying 40,000 ducats to Pope Clement VII who needed money to face attacks by Bourbon forces. When the enemy attacked Rome, Isabella led the defense of her fortified property and she and many who had taken refuge with her were spared. Isabellas son Ferrante was among the Imperial troops. Isabella soon returned to Mantua, where she led the citys recovery from illness and famine that killed almost one-third of the population. The following year, Isabella went to Ferrara to welcome the new bride of Duke Ercole of Ferrara (son of Isabellas brother Alfonso and Lucrezia Borgia). He married Renà ©e of France, daughter of Anne of Brittany and Louis XII. Ercole and Renà ©e had been married in Paris on June 28. Renà ©e was herself a well-educated woman, a first cousin of Marguerite of Navarre. Renà ©e and Isabella maintained a friendship, with Isabella taking a special interest in Renà ©es daughter Anna dEste. Isabella traveled quite a bit after her husbands death. She was in Bologna in 1530 when Emperor Charles V was crowned by the pope. She was able to convince the Emperor to raise her sons status to that of duke of Mantua. She negotiated a marriage for him to Margherita Paleologa, an heiress. They had a son in 1533. Death Isabella became ruler in her own right of a small city-state, Solarolo, in 1529. She actively governed that territory until she died in 1539. Legacy Isabella is best remembered for her support of numerous now-famous artists, including Michelangelo, da Vinci, and Raphael. Artist Judy Chicago- whose work explores the role of women in history- included Isabella dEste in her famous piece The Dinner Party. Sources Bonoldi, Lorenzo.  Isabella dEste: A Renaissance Woman. Guaraldi, 2016.Marek, George.  The Bed and the Throne: The Life of Isabella DEste. Harper Row, 1976.Julia Cartwright. Isabella DEste, Marchioness of Mantua. E.P. Dutton, 1903.

Strategic Management Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management Degree - Case Study Example The Company has started manufacturing some of the products such as dairy and baking items. The products available at Wal-Mart are a symbol of quality and variety. Price: "There is a very sensitive relationship between price and the placement of a product. Cheap is easy to sell, or so says history, but expensive can be easy to sell too" (Barac, 2005). Lower prices and discount offerings are the cutting edge benefits of the company. "The giant retailer's low prices often come with a high cost. Wal-Mart's relentless pressure can crush the companies it does business with and force them to send jobs overseas. (Fishman, 2003) Placement: The presence of the Wal-Mart stores at every important place in the country is the evidence of the effective placement of the stores. Wal-Mart is getting by having a dense network of stores is to facilitate the logistics of deliveries. People: Wal-Mart is famous for its effective recruiting and training of the staff. Although the company remains in news for its controversial policies sex discrimination and labour law violations but the customers are catered with efficient services and best knowledge provision by the staff. The depth of Wal-Mart's management team allows the managers to tap into tremendous internal talent. Physical evidence: Physical evidence is an essential ingredient of the service mix, consumers will make perceptions based on their sight of the service provision which will have an impact on the organisations perceptual plan of the service. The environment at the Wal-Mart stores are clean and user friendly which adds to the uniqueness and competitive advantage of Wal-Mart. Word count: 418 References Barac, R., The Marketing Mix: The 4P's, The Basics, 16 December 2005, retrieved as on June 13, 2006 from http://www.marketingroots.net/p=4 Fishman, C., (2003). Wal-Mart you don't know, Issue 77, December 2003, Page 68Q2: Compare and contrast promotional mixes or communications strategies of two companies. How can a change of positioning affect the effectiveness of the companies' strategies. Promotion is aimed at informing customers about the presence of the goods or services in the market and persuading them to buy these products and services. For a promotional campaign to be effective it is important for the company to use most effective combination of the communication channel to reach the consumers. The best blend of these channel is Advertising, Personal selling, Publicity and sales promotion. Another trend, which is gaining importance, is the societal marketing concept. In this age of environmental deterioration, declining resources, increasing population and increasing economic and social issues, the awareness in the people is also increasing. Most of the companies are now aiming towards satisfying the customers and improving the society's well being. The two

How (knowledge workers) influences HRM in organizations today Assignment

How (knowledge workers) influences HRM in organizations today - Assignment Example Knowledge workers have been identified with speeding up and influencing the creation and transfer of knowledge leading to the good performance of the organizations. These individuals extensively employ their intellectual abilities and skills; have high degrees of creativity as well as problem solving capabilities as a result of their strong experience and wide knowledge base. As such they are very important organizational assets given that organizations rely heavily on strong knowledge and skills to gain a competitive edge. Knowledge workers contribute to the organizations’ innovation; the information product and service innovation. Those businesses with competent knowledge workers posses a competitive edge in terms of ability to manage knowledge and management has to do everything to improve and retain these knowledge workers (Rasoli, Mooghali, Mousavi and Rashidi, 2013). Knowledge workers present the human resource management in today’s organizations with a number of dilemmas. Organizations have to consider their employability and retention, focus on their development and ensure their personal identification with the business. Their demand is high in the particular industry because of their wealth of knowledge valuable to organizational success. Human resource teams can deal with dilemmas presented by knowledge workers through specific strategic HR practices. These include continued development and training of these workers as well as remunerating at rates commensurate with the responsibilities assigned to the workers. Human resource professionals can also manage these workers effectively by recognizing, rewarding and compensating for their extensive application of knowledge to organizational success. In conclusion therefore knowledge workers are influencing human resource management in today’s organizations in very significant manner. Knowledge, talent, experience and skills

Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Leadership - Coursework Example The key techniques used for developing / improving leadership using theatre and improvisational exercises (for improving and enhancing communication styles); improving and ensuring greater presence (such as increased focus during business presentations, meetings with clients and /or colleagues etc.); using expressive capabilities; and developing and enhancing the art of communicating with the audience (both individuals as well as groups). The article "Choosing strategies for change" presented by Sharon Hill, on the other hand stresses on the significance of managing change within organizations and the various issues faced while initiating new order of things. The article suggests that in order to ensure successful change management within organizations it is imperative to ensure involvement of all employees in the key activities or planning process, since they are the most likely to resist change. Secondly, the article emphasizes on developing strategies specially centered on the type of challenges / resistance likely to be encountered while initiating the change, such as offer training workshops for skill development to the employees. Lastly, one of the most effective ways of initiating the process of change within organizations is taking into consideration the situational factors. This can be achieved by responding to imminent crises situations quickly (Kotter & Schlesinger, 2008). Key techniques used for successful change management include: education (educating the employees), participation (ensuring greater participation of those most likely to resist change), facilitation (offer skills training and workshop), negotiation (offer incentives to influence them to change), and coercion (use threats such as loss of job, promotion or transfer to those resisting the change). 2. Managing change is one of the most difficult and

Which Citrus Fruits Remove Stains The Best Environmental Sciences Essay

Which Citrus Fruits Remove Stains The Best Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays, most of people prefer to use biodegradable product or green product. Especially in current downturn economy, many people change to less expensive products. Using citrus fruits as an alternative ways to remove stain is the good choice. Is it very useful to know which of the citrus fruits is best used in removing stains? Significance of the Study Sodium hypochlorite (chlorine bleach) and hydrogen peroxide (oxygen bleach) are extremely popular in the market to whiten the fabrics. However, there are some disadvantages using oxygen and chlorine bleaches. Most of them are hazardous if ingested or inhaled and should be used with care. Lindsay Evans (2009) also explained the chlorine can cause negative health effects. Besides, they are costly and give a bad impact to our environment especially rivers and lakes ecosystem. Chlorine that flowing into rivers or lakes will combine with other chemical to form a stable compound where it will remain unchanged in groundwater for many years (Wisconsin, 2010). On the other hand, citric acid best uses as natural bleaches because it does less harm to ecology of rivers and lake. Limitation of the study All of the experiment will conduct in the Mara College Serembans laboratory. Most of the material such as citrus fruits; lemon, lime, navel oranges and pineapple and table salt are obtained from Carrefour Cheras in Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia. So, all of the fruits are not in the same level of freshness due to different condition during storage that may affect the freshness of the fruits. Besides that, the fruits might not come from same tree and this will affect the concentration of acid in the fruits. Research Question The focus of study is to investigate the ability of citrus fruits as natural bleach to remove stain from fabric. The main objective of this study is to identify which of the citrus fruits; lime, lemon, pineapple, and navel oranges is best used as bleaching agent. So the research question of the study is How does the type of citrus fruits used affect the rate of reaction of stain removable with influence of sodium chloride? The study uses 4 different types of citrus fruits which are lime, lemon, pineapple, and navel oranges that will extract into juice and add with table salt (sodium chloride). Hypothesis The research question of the study is How does the type of citrus fruits used affect the rate of reaction of citric acid to remove stain from fabric with influence of sodium chloride? The rate of reaction of citric acid is the highest at the most acidic solution.So the hypothesis is the most acidic fruit in this case is lime or lemon as both contains high concentration of citric acid. Variables Independent Variable The independent variable is the different types of citrus fruit juices. The citrus fruit juices that will use are lemon, navel orange, lime and pineapple. Dependent Variable Rate of reaction to remove the stain from fabric will be the dependent variable. The time taken will be record by stopwatch for the stain to decolorize. Then use formula to calculate the rate of reaction. Fixed Variable The fixed variables are type of cloth (cotton), volume of juice (5oml), temperature (100ËÅ ¡c) and volume (100ml) of water bath, quantity of sodium hydroxide (3 teaspoon) and type of stained( syrup solution). All of this material will be use in same quantity throughout of the experiment. 4.0) Procedure and Analysis Preparation of an approximately 0.1 M Sodium Hydroxide Solution followed by the Standardization of the Sodium Hydroxide Before testing the concentration of citric acid, the standard sodium hydroxide solution needs to be prepared. In order to prepare 0.1 M of NaOH, 9.0 cm3 of 1.0M sodium hydroxide solution was diluted with 100.00cm3 of distilled water. Then the sodium hydroxide solution was standardizing to determine its concentration by titrated it with KHP. This acid base reaction is shown in Equation 1(M.L.Gillette,1999); KHP(aq) + NaOH (aq) NaKP(aq) + H2O(l)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(eq1) Two portion of 0.5g of dried potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) was weighed and dissolved with 50ml distilled water in conical flask. The Phenolphthalein solution was added for 2-3 drops into KHP solution to indicate the end point of titration. Phenolphthalein is used because the products pH range between .The sodium hydroxide was titrated with KHP solution until pale pink color was produced. The volume of NaOH solution added was recorded. Extraction of juices from citrus fruits. The lemon was cut into small pieces and blend with blender. The juice released was putted into the beaker and labeled with A. First step was repeated again until half of the beaker filled. Then, the extracted juice was filtered through muslin cloth. The whole procedure were used again with another type of fruits, lime, navel orange and pineapple and labeled with; Citric acid Determination The concentration of citric acid is determined by titrate the fruit juices with NaOH. The approximately 10 mL of lime juice be prepared by using pipette and was transferred into a conical flask. Then, the lime juice was diluted with 20ml of distilled water and three drops of phenolphthalein was added into solution. The solution with 0.1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was added from burette to the juice sample while swirling the mixture until the reaction mixture turned into faint pink color. The end point was reached when the pink color persists for thirty seconds. The volume of NaOH added was recorded. The processes were repeated again to increase the accuracy. Then, the procedure was used again with different type of juice; lemon, orange and pineapple. By using the formula, the molarity of citric acid in the fruit juice was calculated. Qualitative Data The colour of solution in conical flask change from white colour to faint pink colour. Data Analysis- calculation for determining the citric acid concentration through sodium hydroxide added. The citric fruits consist of citric acid. Citric acid contains carboxyl acid group and reacts with hydroxide ion as indicate in equation 2 (Dr. Ewa Thomas, 2007). The sodium hydroxide will ionize to form sodium ions and hydroxide ions (eq 1). NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH (aq) (eq 1) C3H5O (COOH)3 (aq) + 3 OH- (aq) C3H5O(COO)33- (aq) + 3 H2O (l) (eq 2) The purpose of this experiment is to determine the concentration of citric acid on the citrus fruit by titrating the citrus juice with standard sodium hydroxide solution. The concentration of citric acid can be calculated by measuring the volume of sodium hydroxide used (eq 3). Molarity,M= (eq 3) M1V1 = M2V2 (eq 4) Based on the equation, the molarity of the OH- ions equal with sodium hydroxide as the molecular ratio is 1:1. So, the molarity of hydroxide ions can be known. By using equation 4, the concentration of citric acid can be determined. Calculating the concentration of citric acid By using the data given above, I had calculated the concentration of citric acid in citrus juices. The citric acid C6H8O7 is a triple basic acid that consists of three carboxylic acids and react with one hydroxide ion ,eq 1(Ewa Peter Thomas M Moffet, 2007). In this experiment, I assumed that the citric acid is sole acid found in the citrus fruits. C3H5O(COOH)3 (aq) + 3 OH- (aq) C3H5O(COO)3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.(eq 1) However, according to experiment conducted by Law.C Solak.E(2009) the citric acid does not always have the 3 carboxylic acid. So, in this experiment I will assume that the citric acids only have 1 carboxylic acids but its less accurate. The following reaction takes place in the titration; C6H8O7 + OH- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ H2O + C6H7O7- (eq 2) Based on the equation(eq 2), the molarity of the OH- ions equal with C6H8O7 as the molecular ratio is 1:1. By using equation below, the concentration of citric acid can be determined. M1V1 = M2V2 where : m1 = molarity of Sodium hydroxide, NaOH v1 = volume of Sodium hydroxide Solution, NaOH m2 = molarity of dilute citric acids, C6H8O7 v2 = volume of dilute citric acids Solution, C6H8O7 Procedure for process of stain removable The white cloth cotton was cut into3cmÃÆ'-3cm size for 20 pieces and each pieces of cloth were stained with syrup solution. Then the stained clothes were dried for about 1 hour. 20 cm3 of lime juice was prepared and the initial pH of juice was recorded by using pH meter. For the first trial, a stained cloth was held under the running water and was soaked in the lime solution for more than 30 minutes (diagram 4.1). After that, the stained cloth was put into100ËÅ ¡c hot water bath and the time taken for the stained decolorize was recorded. However, the stained took longer time to decolorize where the results recorded were inaccurate. So I used another method by adding 3 teaspoon of table salt (sodium chloride) into lime juice. The pH value of juice was recorded. The stained cloth was rubbed with salt before soaked into the solution for an hour. Then, the stained cloth was putted into 100 °C hot water bath and the time taken for the stained decolorized was recorded. In order to identify the best fruit best use to remove the stain, the whole step was repeated again with another type of fruits; lemon, navel orange, and pineapple. The results from different type of fruits were compared. Besides that, I also used the different type of stain to test which one is more effective been bleached by citric acid. In this experiment I used vegetable based stain which is tomato stain. The first method is used; without adding the table salt (sodium chloride) and the result was recorded and be compared with synthetic stain (syrup). Qualitative data For synthetic stain: The pinks colour of stain turns into colourless. Fabrics become white Fabric cloths smell fruity. The juices become more slippery when added with sodium chloride. For organic stain The brown colour of mud decolorize The fabric colour turn into brownish The fabric become smelly The juices become more slippery when added with sodium chloride. Data Analysis According to the data collected, the different type of fruits and different type of stain will affect the time taken for the stain to decolorize. For the syrup stain, there must be influenced by sodium chloride (cooking salt) as it is hard to remove by citric acid alone. Adding the cooking salt involved the osmosis concept where when the solution become more saturated, the water will moving from the cloth to the salt and taking the stain together. When the cooking salt is added into the juice, the pH of juices drop and become more acidic. However, chemically the cooking salt does not affect the acidity of citric acid. The drop in pH value may be due the presence of water in the juices which react with the salt and release the hydrogen ions which might cause this to be happened 8.0: Conclusion and Evaluation 8.1- Conclusion Based on the results of the experiments carried out in this essay, its show that the type of citrus fruits used does affect the average time taken to remove the stain. The hypothesis that average time taken would be fastest in the most acidic fruit (lime) which consist high concentration of citric acid, is also supported based on the data collected. The main objective of this essay is to identify which of the type of citrus fruits; lime, lemon, pineapple, and navel oranges are best used as bleaching agent. As mention above, the type of citrus fruit does affect the average time taken to remove the stain. However, it also depends on the type of stain. Test on fabric with synthetic stain without adding sodium chloride (salt) required a long time where the average time taken cannot be collected. Meanwhile, citrus fruits are best used on fabric with vegetable based stain as there in no influence with sodium chloride. In addition, the time taken to remove the stain for vegetable based stain is fastest compare than synthetic stain. Besides that, the citrus fruit only react as bleaching agent in hot temperature only. It is possible that the stain can be removed under room temperature. Thus it can be concluded that, the lime is the best used as bleaching agent but with certain condition; type of stain and temperature. 8.2- Evaluation Some error and limitation occurring during the experiment which causes the result collected imprecise. The limitation and errors in these experiments can be divided into several parts. For the first part is problem in procedure A. Initially, the sodium hydroxide prepared had been assumed exactly 1.00M. However, to test the accuracy of the concentration, the sodium hydroxide had been standardized using KHP solution. After calculating the concentration of the sodium hydroxide, the concentration of sodium hydroxide is approximately 0.1M with 0.2% of percentage error. There is a limitation occur when calculating the concentration of citric acid by titrate it with sodium hydroxide solution. One problem is the assumption that the citric acid is the sole acid in citrus fruits. The citric acid should been standardized to know the exact concentration. Besides that, some common mistake occurred in the experiment such as improper position of burette and parallax error in taking the measurement. To overcome this, there is no other solution except reduce the parallax error by positioning the eyes straight to the scale reading needed and position the apparatus used at the smooth surface. Moreover, it was hard to determine that the colour of the solution turned to faint pink colour because if the titration of NaOH was titrated without care the solution will become too red. So the result of the first faint pink colour come out should be observed and detected properly so it needs a particular partner in doing that job. In the last part(procedure D), most of error occurs is during taking the average time taken to remove the stain from fabric. When the stained fabric is place into hot water, it is difficult to identify whether the cloth decolorize or not because it is possible for fabric to turn into white without be rub. To improve this, the experiment must be repeated for several times to increase the accuracy. There is also a limitation where the removable of stain cannot be seen clearly when test conducted with coffee at first. So, to overcome this problem, the stain was changed into syrup which the red colour can be seen clearly. 8.9: Recommendation for further research More work could be done on the use of sodium chloride (cooking salt) in removing stain, is it effective used and how it will increase the effectiveness of citric acid in removing stain. The effectiveness of citric acid should be compared with commercial bleach and color safer bleach. Which one is best used? Besides that, the uses of citric acid can be extending more into the cleaning process; such as kitchen utensils and rusting. The investigation should be carried on how does cold water remove stains? The method of soaking cloth with cold water to remove stain is quite effective and the chemistry behind this should be expose.

Illegal Immigration Essays -- Legal Issues, Anti-illegal Immigration

Illegal immigrants in the United States (US) have long been a topic of debate for policymakers and the public. The rationale about them is that they do not pay taxes; they add to the costs of taxpayers and use up funds in resources meant for assisting citizens and legal immigrants (the legal citizens). Therefore, they are perceived as a threat to the US economy. The true impacts of illegal immigrants on the US economy are discussed by debating over the economic benefits as well as economic costs of these immigrants. The negative impacts, discussed first, presented the decreases in low skilled jobs’ wage rates for legal immigrants and citizens instigated by illegal immigrants, the social services such as educations and healthcare that they utilize and add to taxpayers. Then contrary to the negative impacts, the positive impacts reveal benefits of low production costs, increases in the local market sales, undocumented tax generation, impact on growth and employment brought fort h by illegal immigrants. These impacts, both negative and positive, are independently analyzed and weighed against each other. The discussion does show a slight net positive impact on the US economy in contrast to the normal belief about illegal immigrants. â€Æ' Illegal Immigrants and the United States Economy: Is It that Big of an Issue? The journey from a few cave people to seven billion humans on this planet has been characterized by the physical movement of Homo sapiens from one place to another, sometimes over thousands of miles, either individually, or in the form of flocks, both voluntarily as well as involuntarily. This act of leaving ones’ ground and moving to another land with a motive is known as migration. The motive can be anything such as bett... ...ob security, and pay sufficiently low. They include, picking fruit and vegetables, cleaning houses, hotels and offices, and farming and construction labor. These jobs are not preferred by many working Americans, but they are certainly necessities in society. Illegal immigrants have no other option but to agree to do these jobs for the little money they get. Therefore, they play a vital role in carrying out these jobs. The bigger picture of low wages and in effect, low production costs should be considered. As the wage rates decrease, the whole population benefits from it by paying low prices for construction, agricultural produce, restaurant meals and cleaning services. It is estimated that because of illegal immigrants, an average American’s wealth is increased; though that increase is remarkably small and accounts for not more than 1 percent (Davidson, 2006).

A Day In Court

Professor Brian D. Heffner 7 December 2012 A Day In Criminal Court This week I had the opportunity to sit In on criminal court proceedings. I chose to visit the Oakland County Court House for the day and noticed quite a few things through out the whole experience. I have been to a few courts In the past, criminal, traffic, and family, but never In the Oakland County bulldlng. There were many details of the proceedings, the Image, and even the condltlons of everything from the bulldlng Itself to the people Involved that I found particularly Interesting.The first thing I hought when I entered the bulldlng was that It was not crowded. In previous vlslts to troy courts the place was packed, let alone confusing. This courthouse was different. The hallways were very modern and clean and it felt fresh to me, not dark and dismal like it could have been. (l guess I have to also consider that I didn' t have any charges against me so I wasn? t entering the building expecting to hate being there ) I was surprised by the security measures. It seemed as if it was too easy to get through. I expected to have three or four metal detectors lined up for a big crowd, but there was only one.Right away I got the sense that the size of the building was not reflective of the amount of cases per day it accommodates. After speaking with one of the guards I was referred to the criminal court room rather than the family court, due to what he called a more interesting day.? . The courtroom itself I thought was way too small. There were only two and a half rows for people to sit and watch, forcing many people to have to wait outside. That I thought was not a well thought out design. There is tons of extra hallway space that they could have stretched the room out to make it bigger so you wouldn't run into those kinds of problems.The room also had extravagant fixtures hanging from the ceiling. I don't really understand the purpose of them, they may even have been lights, but they Just looked l ike a waste of money. I dont think they serve any other reason than to look pretty, and if that's the case, they could have spent the money on the room extension. That's Just my opinion of the building; another thing that struck me was the people involved. As I looked around the court room, I saw lawyers, citizens, guards, and of course the Judge. The Judge, I was informed, was the night Judge filling In for someone.I was warned by my buddy, the guard, that he would be sluggish, but I thought It flowed nicely. I must first speak of the lawyers because they bothered me the most. These lawyers were slobs! I realize that you may not make a whole lot of money being a public defender, but you could at least dress appropriately. One of these lawyers had his whole hem hanging out with string following him everywhere. This guys pants were wrinkled and his hair completely void of any type of brushing. I would never hire any one that looked Ilke that. and I would be scared If I had him assign ed to me.Another lawyer, a woman this time, was the most horrifying thing I have ever seen. Before she even came in the wanted a new lawyer because she was as dizzy. When she walked in I realized they had made a huge understatement. This woman had the most disgusting mess of hair on top of her head and she kept scratching it. It was like a huge crimped, teased, knotty mess. I couldn't believe that she would walk into a courtroom like that. Oh my God she was a mess! I don't understand how she could represent anyone looking like that. There was only one professional looking lawyer and he was the prosecutor.Everyone else looked third rate compared to him. The other group of people I looked at was the criminals. There was definitely a mixed group of people there. There was one lady in her 40's that was wearing a long fur coat and all the Jewelry in the world, and you could Just tell she was ashamed to be there. Her husband wouldn't even sit in the courtroom with her. I really would have loved to know what she did wrong, but with all the bench conversation you never got to hear her crime, Just her dismissal. Another guy that had charges against him wasn't even allowed in the courtroom ecause he didn't have the right shoes.I thought that was completely unfair. He was outside the courtroom explaining that he didn't have any money to buy good shoes for the day, but they still wouldn't let him in. I guess all this stuff has been pretty superficial, but what really bothered me was how each of the cases was handled. I always thought that the public could view any courtroom proceeding, but I felt extremely short changed. In fact I think it was unfair to the criminals as well. It seemed like every case was decided at the bench before even saying what the charges were.I know I sat through three hours of court and left only knowing what two of the cases was really about. When the incarcerated people were brought out it looked like they were clueless as to what was going on, because they couldn't hear any of it. They looked shocked sometimes when hearing the decisions as if they didn't know what was happening to them. I know that I was shocked when I heard some of the verdicts because I had no idea what the crime was For the most part they Just announced codes not allowing the common person to understand a thing they're talking about.After every decision the lawyer had to break it down to their own words to the clients. That annoyed me so much. I was also disgusted with one case in particular where they actually did describe the crime. A man and a woman had both committed armed robbery and in the process hospitalized two victims. Their lawyer had the nerve to ask for $1000 bail for the two of them, pointing out the families of each of the criminals in the courtroom, explaining that they both had newborns to take care of. This lawyer had a 6 year old child in the courtroom to hear his father receive a $50, 000 bail. I Just think that was wrong.The lawyer knew there was no way in the world he was getting his client off, the guy had a rap sheet longer than the Bible from 4 different states, but he chose to put that kid through that. I don't get that. I guess overall my court experience was a pretty good learning experience. I learned to appreciate my lawyer a 100 times more Just for his wardrobe alone. I learned that you always need appropriate shoes even if your clothes are as crappy as ever. I learned that the city of Oakland County prefers style to space accommodations, and most importantly I learned that is cheaper to obey the law than to break it.

Elizabethan Age essays

Elizabethan Age essays In England, the period between the Gothic and Renaissance styles is known as the Elizabethan age. It reached its peak in the late 1500s, toward the end of the long reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and is often considered the last phase of the long- lasting Tudor style. Although the Elizabethan age produced a certain amount of characteristic sculptures and paintings, the Elizabethan style can best be seen in the period's architecture. The dramatic personality of Elizabeth became the subject of a voluminous literature (Elizabethan Age). However, the literature coming out of this period was also quite exceptional. Among the many great writers and poets were Edmund Spenser who wrote a very detailed piece about a feast for Elizabeth, Sir Walter Raleigh who wrote poems about Elizabeth, and William Shakesphere (Elizabethan Writers). The Gothic period preceding the Elizabethan age was based very much on religion. Secular buildings, sculpture, stained glass, illuminated manuscripts, and other decorative arts were produced in Europe during the latter part of the Middle Ages. Since then the term Gothic has been restricted to the last major medieval period, immediately following the Romanesque (Gothic Period). The Renaissance, following the Elizabethan age was a rebirth of scholarly interests. It was based on the classics of art, religion, science and inventions, philosophy, and humanism (Renaissance). Queen Elizabeth I was a powerful political figure in English history. Her background was definitely relative to her choice of words and her topics that she used in "When I Was Fair and Young." Elizabeth was born in London on September 7, 1533. She spent her childhood away from the court and received an excellent classical education under such scholars as Roger Ascham, who influenced her greatly (Plowden 7). Her exceptional education aided in many of her future deci...

My Slave Trade Speech essays

My Slave Trade Speech essays Theres an issue worrying me greatly whilst all of you seem to fail to notice the injustice and cruel events taking place in the slave trade.I have investigated into what is really going on. The ways of the slave trade are morrally disgusting! The slaves are stolen from their homes and their family, wrapped up in chains and chucked into a ship where they are then packed in tightly into cramped rooms under board the ship. The conditions on the ship are horrendous, most of the food they eat their stomachs throw up again, they are then left to bath in their own vomit or vomit of their neighbours. They spend the large majority of the journey in a damp cold room reeking of dirty human flesh, the rest of the time is spent up on board making them either work or 'dance' for their minimal amount of excercise. The girls, barely women are treated appaulingly, abused emotionaly and physically, raped for the pleasure of the crew. Disease swept quickly among the slaves and left many in poor he alth, although the crew members try to keep them alive it is only for their own benefit, no sympathy or care goes out to the slaves. Very few slaves even survive, a waste of perfectly good lives, all for what? Money? The service of white men? The crew on board the ships don't even have the decency to give them a proper funeral as a christian i find this disrespectful and highly digrading, their bodies are just thrown over board left to either wash up on a beach where it will rott away or to be left for the sharks to feed off. The survivers then go forward to the slave auction, a degrading experience for the slaves. Roughly handled as the bidders check their teeth and obsurve their muscles and ability. Sold to strangers and often parted with the few members of their family they came with. Like objects or animals they set off to their new 'homes'. The slaves are treated with no respect what so ever just treated as material objects which don't have any r...

Evidence Based Software Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evidence Based Software Engineering - Essay Example BlueJ has been adopted to bring out teaching fundamental facts regarding object oriented programming. For one to learn object oriented programming without any difficulty, it will be important to use BlueJ. It is used to enable new learners get new concepts of Java programming in an easy way. The difficulties that are encountered in object oriented can be eradicated with the use BlueJ. BlueJ, like Eclipse, is used when programming applications in Java 2 Platform, and also the Standard Edition (J2SE). Developing simple programs is still possible as one can create objects and call methods that are associated with these objects using the user interface of BlueJ. The experience is simple and it is simple to understand classes and objects. Classes and objects are the building blocks that are required in programming. It is important to ensure that they are learning and adopted by new programmers. My friend will, therefore, require using BlueJ because the program is simple and does not have a lot of features (Kwan & Theodorou 2009). Another feature that is useful by using BlueJ programming language is the fact that there are UML diagrams which are manipulated by the learners as they write their programs. This enables users to interact with the program as they learn new facts about the objects and classes that are important in programming using the object oriented paradigm (Stoler 2004). Eclipse is a Java interactive development environment that is used when developing large programs. It has features that are complicated to novice programmers. It is important to use these features when the program will have to have the sophistication that befits it when it being used (Mahesh 2009). Between BlueJ and Eclipse, therefore, the one that fits the program that is being developed is BlueJ. The reasons that have been given are sufficient. BlueJ is used, mostly, for small programs. Their use fits a novice programmer (Papp 2001). Question 2 One particular problem that I found in u ndertaking step 2 of the evidence based software engineering methodology is that of getting articles which would address the problem I have. This is because there is no article I found that could talk exclusively about the two IDEs. Step two of the EBSE methodologies concerns about the search of the literature that will be used in the evaluation of the methodology of the Java development environments. The literature that I found in the search did not addressed the issue I was looking for. Most of the articles focused on the features of one IDE (Williams et al. 2008). Another challenge that I found while working on step two is that of the validity of data that I found. The information that I initially got from web search were not peer-previewed. It was, therefore, not easy to get information that would help I get the features of the two IDEs. Every time I got information that I thought would help, I found that the article did not mention the other IDE. Another challenge I found is th at the information in the articles was meant for teaching programming languages. It was hard finding information that would help in answer EBSE methodological question. Although this was the case I realized that it was important and beneficial at long last to have this approach and information (Stoler 2004). I found success, at long last, when I found literature that were helpful in the learning process.

Individual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual - Essay Example This paper will discuss how entrepreneurs use creativity to develop business ideas and innovations. Entrepreneurs are able to use creativity through managing risks and uncertainties. This is through analyzing ideas and determining whether they are worth investing in. They then determine the best strategies to use and how to maximize returns through the use of scarce resources. This plays a significant role in enabling them to capture value from innovation (Van and Becker, 2004). Entrepreneurs are able to use creativity through identifying the opportunities for change. Currently, the market has become dynamic. Different aspects keep on arising thereby, creating gaps that can be used to develop ideas (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003). Entrepreneurs are able to manipulate these opportunities to come up with creative ideas. For instance, they are able to observe the tastes and preferences of the customers and note when the customers are changing their consumption behavior. Entrepreneurs pinpoint such opportunities and taps them, thereby coming up with a business idea. Through brainstorming and enquiring from relevant sources, they are able to come up with innovative ideas which attract the interests of the target market (Knutsen, 2002). According to Van and Becker (2004), entrepreneurs calculate the costs of taking up a bright idea forward against the potential gains if that idea succeeds. They know clearly that failure is an intrinsic part of the process. However, they always calculate the risks in order to minimize it completely. In addition, they ensure that they have all materials required to exploit the opportunities in order to gain the necessary benefits (Van and Becker, 2004). Entrepreneurs are able to come up with creative ideas through being alert to changes in the external environment (Voudouris et al., 2007). Whether entering a new market, introducing new products or services, or initiating innovative technologies, they always think of novel ways